LOS GENES MUTANTES DE LOS CULTIVOS GMO SALTAN A LAS ABJEJAS CUANDO LAS POLINIZAN
https://ponce.inter.edu/cai/reserva/jve ... enicos.pdf
El catedrático Hans-Hinrich Kaatz, de la Universidad de Jena, ha indicado tener nuevas pruebas, aún inéditas ( año 2000) de que genes sintéticos en plantas transgénicas se han trasladado por el polen a bacterias y levaduras que viven en el intestino de las larvas de las abejas (1)
Si lo que dice el catedrático Kaatz es cierto, esto indicaría que los genes de las nuevas construcciones genéticas introducidos en las cosechas transgénicas y otras organismos transgénicos, pueden extenderse, no sólo mediante la polinización cruzada ordinaria, o por el cruce de especies estrechamente relacionadas, sino por los genes sintéticos que invaden los genomas ( la totalidad de los organismos tienen material genético) de especies con las que no tienen ninguna relación, incluso en los microorganismos que viven en el intestino de animales que se alimentan de material transgénico.
1.Thanks to Dr. Beatrix Tappeser, Institute for Applied Ecology, Postfach 6226, D-79038, Freiburg, for
this information. See also Barnett, A. (2000). GM genes ‘jump species barrier’ The Observer, May 28,
2000.
2.See Stephenson, J.R., and Warnes, A. (1996). Release of genetically-modified miroorganisms into the
environment. J. Chem. Tech. Biotech. 65, 5-16; Harding, K. (1996). The potential for horizontal gene
transfer within the environment. Agro-Food-Industry Hi-Tech July/August, 31-35; Ho, M.W. (1996). Are
current transgenic technologies safe? In Virgin, I. and Frederick R.J., eds. Biosafety Capacity Building,
pp. 75-80, Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm; Traavik, T. (1999). Too Early May be Too
Late, Report for the Directorate for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway.
3.See
www.i-sis.org
4.See Ho, M.W. (1998, 1999). Genetic Engineering Dream or Nightmare? The Brave New World of Bad
Science and Big Business. Gateway, Gill & Macmillan, Dublin; Ho, M.W., Traavik, T., Olsvik, R.,
Tappeser, B., Howard, V., von Weizsacker, C. and McGavin, G. (1998). Gene Technology and Gene
Ecology of Infectious Diseases. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 10, 33-59.
5.See Ho et al, 1998 (note 4) and references therein.
6.See Lorenz, M.G. and Wackernagel, W. (1994). Bacterial gene transfer by natural genetic transformation
in the environment. Microbiol. Rev. 58, 563-602.
7.See Ho,1998, 1999 (note 4; Ho, et al, 1998 (note 4).
8.See Ho, M.W., Ryan, A., Cummins, J. and Traavik, T. (2000a). Unregulated Hazards: ‘Naked’ and
‘Free’ Nucleic Acids, ISIS & TWN Report, London and Penang.
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9.Grillot-Courvalin, C., Goussand, S., Huetz, F., Ojcius, D.M. and Courvalin, P. (1998). Functional gene
transfer from intracellular bacteria to mammalian cells. Nature Biotechnology 16, 862-866.
10.See Nielsen, K.M., Bones, A.M., Smalla, K. and van Elsas, J.D. (1998). Horizontal gene transfer from
transgenic plants to terrestrial bacteria – a rare event? FEMS Microbiology Reviews 22, 79-103.
11.See Ho et al, 2000a (note 9)
12.See Doolittle, W.F. (1999). Lateral genomics. Trends Cell Biol 9, 5-8.
13.See Jain, R., Rivera, M.C. and Lake, J.A. (1999). Horizontal gene transfer among genomes: The
complexity hypothesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 3801-3806; Shapiro, J. (1997). Genome
organization, natural genetic engineering and adaptive mutation. TIG 13, 98-104; Ho, 1998,1999 (note 4).
14.See Ho et al, 1998 (note 4) for references.
15.See Ho et al, 2000 (note 8)
16.Reviewed in Ho et al, 1998 ( note 4).
17.Reviewed in Ho, 1998, 1999 (note 4) Chapter on “The mutable gene and the human condition”.
18.See Ho et al, 2000 (note 9) and references therein.
19.See Ho, M.W. (1999). Special Safety Concerns of Transgenic Agriculture and Related Issues Briefing
Paper for Minister of State for the Environment, The Rt Hon Michael Meacher
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20.See Old, R.W. and Primrose, S.B. (1994). Principles of Gene Manipulation, 5th ed. Blackwell Science,
Oxford; Kumpatla, S.P., Chandrasekharan, M.B., Iuer, L.M., Li, G. and Hall, T.c. (1998). Genome
intruder scanning and modulation systems and transgene silencing. Trends in Plant Sciences 3, 96-104.
21.See Kohli, A., Griffiths, S., Palacios, N., Twyman, R.M., Vain, P., Laurie, D.A. and Christou, P. (1999).
Molecular characterization of transforming plasmid rearrangements in transgenic rice reveals a
recombination hotspot in the CaMV 35S promoter and confirms the predominance of microhomology
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22.Finnegan, J. and McElroy, D. (1994). Transgene inactivation, plants fight back! Bio/Technology 12,
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23.Ho, M.W., Ryan, A. and Cummins, J. (1999). The cauliflower mosaic viral promoter – a recipe for
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(2000). Hazards of transgenic plants containing the cauliflower mosaic viral promoter. Microbial Ecology
in Health and Disease (in press).
24.Ye, X., Al-Babili, S., Kloti, A., Zhang, J., Lucca, P., Beyer, P. and Potrykus, I. (2000). Engineering the
provitamin A (-carotene) biosynthetic pathway into (carotenoid-free) rice endosperm. Science 287,
303-305; see also Ho, M.W. (2000). The Golden Rice – An Exercise in How Not to Do Science. ISIS
Sustainable Science Audit #1
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28.Reviewed in Ho, et al, 2000 (note 24).
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